题目：转型经济中的环境政策与“双重红利”(Environmental policy and ‘double dividend’ in a transitional economy)

作者：Wesseh K. Presley Jr.；林伯强*

期刊：能源政策(Energy Policy)

详细：134卷，2019年11月，110947

DOI：https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.110947

文献导读：

小型发展中国家与较大的发展中国家一样，在推动可持续发展方面面临着若干的约束。这主要包括在稳定经济增长和就业、稳定能源供应和促进环境可持续性之间的权衡。虽然稳定的能源供应为经济增长和就业提供了支持，但这些往往是在环境标准的妥协下所产生的。

大量已有的文献试图检验环境政策的双重红利假设。这一假设说明了实施环境税收政策而获得环境和经济效益的可能性。环境的改善是由于环境税的激励，而经济利益则来自于税收。目前，对于双重红利存在的可能性仍存在巨大分歧。

因此，本研究设计了两个气候政策，从发展中国家的角度研究双重红利假说，从而弥补了这一文献空白。本文开发了一个静态可计算一般均衡（CGE）模型，该模型适合分析各种各样的政策问题。从经济一体化到气候变化问题，从税收改革战略到援助发展中国家，CGE方法被认为是政策评估的有效方法。本文开发的CGE模型根据利比里亚的能源和经济数据进行了校准。

Abstract:

Although the environmental benefit from implementing a climate tax is usually realized, the economic dividend still remains a controversial issue warranting further research. This is because the impact of an environmental policy on an economy-wide system will depend on factors that differ from one region to the next. In this paper, we develop a static CGE model for Liberia that is capable of analyzing both a uniform and a partial carbon tax policy. Under the uniform policy instituted to ensure mitigation in the range of 20-50%, an economic dividend is found for energy, employment, and welfare. In particular, energy consumption increases by between 5 and 15.5%, respectively. Interestingly, under a second best policy which exempts economically strategic sectors from the tax, no economic dividend is found for all three variables. This time, energy use declines by between 2 and 9%. These suggest that a uniform environmental tax policy is a more viable option for Liberia, in particular, as it does not only generate economic dividend for employment and welfare, it also incentivizes Liberia's adoption and use of renewable energy technologies. In general, based on the results obtained, further conditions for the feasibility of a double dividend are proposed.

Keywords: Environmental tax; Double dividend; Energy consumption; Renewable energy; Transitional economy