题目：加纳可再生能源（电力）发展：观察、关注、替代可能性和对经济的影响（Renewable energy (electricity) development in Ghana: Observations, concerns, substitution possibilities, and implications for the economy）

作者：林伯强*，Isaac Ankrah

期刊：清洁生产（Journal of Cleaner Production）

详细：233卷，2019年10月1日，1396-1409页

DOI：https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.163

文献导读：

作为一个增长导向型国家，加纳的经济增长是否应该建立在可再生能源之上？可再生能源是否可以替代传统能源？可再生能源对加纳经济有何影响？回答这些问题需要经验和证据。《巴黎气候协定》表明了世界迫切需要向一个能够可持续利用能源的未来过渡。加纳作为签署了《巴黎气候协定》的国家之一，应当为实现自己做出的承诺而努力。考虑到加纳的环境和可再生能源政策，本文建议加纳电力系统朝着更清洁的发电系统的方向发展。

基于上述思路，本研究主要考察加纳能否从化石能源发电向可再生能源发电转变。本文首先对两种能源类型（可再生能源和化石能源）与产出（实际国内生产总值）之间的关系做出估计。然后用这些估计值计算可再生能源和化石能源之间的产出和替代弹性。其次，在实证研究的基础上，结合加纳的经济状况，对可再生能源的发展状况进行了研究。最后提出加纳未来能源发展的相关政策建议。

研究指出，考虑到加纳要进行工业化和现代化的现实需要，加纳对更多可再生能源发电的规划决不能以牺牲经济增长为代价。如果能够同时促进加纳的经济增长、减少能源贫困和保护环境，那么可再生能源的发展将是合理的，否则应当控制其发展。

Abstract：

Can Ghana build its economy on renewable energy? Is it possible to substitute nonrenewable for renewable energy? What is the impact of renewable energy on the economy of Ghana? These questions are relevant and worth considering as far as the renewable energy development agenda in Ghana is concern. Using the trans-log production function approach, this study primarily investigates whether Ghana can move away from nonrenewable electricity generation to renewable power generation. In particular, we provide estimates for the relationship between the two energy types and output. The estimates are then used to calculate the output and substitution elasticities between renewable and nonrenewable energy. Our findings show that while the impact of nonrenewable energy on Ghana's economy is negative, that of renewable energy is insignificant, with output elasticities for both energy types averaging −0.139 and 1.875 respectively. Even though substitution elasticity suggests the possibility of moving towards a renewable power generation system, this study also highlights the limitations associated with such transition, citing inherent problems such as scale, cost, and location. Based on the analysis done in the context of the findings, this study recommends a policy that supports an optimal energy matrix with both renewable and nonrenewable sources.

Keywords: Ghana; Economic growth; Renewable energy; Trans-log production function